Aggrecan (Acan) in Axial Skeletal Formation of Lizard Tail

Aggrecan (Acan) belongs to the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of the lectican family, namely hyalectans family. Members of this family are vital components of extracellular matrix (Adams et al., 2007; Aspberg, 2012). Acan, one of the chondrocyte specific markers, is essential for cartilage function and skeletal development (Nirmal & Nair, 2013). Acan acts as the main compressive macromolecule in cartilage tissue, making bone capable to withstand physical loading, showing how important this molecule is in maintaining cartilage integrity (Lee et al., 2010).

In the precartilaginous anlagen, the condensed mesenchymal cells express versican which is then down-regulated during chondrogenic differentiation as Acan is up-regulated (Lauinga et al., 2014). Chondrocytes in the proliferative zone produce a large amount of extracellular matrix predominantly consisting of type II collagen and Acan. When chondrocytes differentiate into pre-hypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes, there is a considerable increase of cell size which requires more cell space obtained by the degradation of extracellular matrix by matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) and MMP13 produced by the mature chondrocytes. The hypertrophic chondrocytes then secrete new extracellular matrix component high in type X collagen (Zhang & Ross, 2013).

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