Bone Morphogenetic Protein-3 (BMP-3) in Axial Skeletal Formation of Lizard Tail

Skeletal tissues express bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) which act as regulators of skeletal development and maintenance of bone mass in adults (Gamer et al., 2009). BMPs belong to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily (Bahamonde & Lyons, 2001) and are expressed throughout the developing skeleton, influencing cell type specification, cell differentiation and apoptosis during endochondral ossification. At the earliest stages of osteogenesis, BMPs are required for mesenchymal condensation and at the later stages, BMPs-receptor complexes stimulate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation (Gamer et al., 2010). 

BMP3 molecule is structurally related to BMPs but it acts as a negative regulator of osteogenesis (Bahamonde & Lyons, 2001; Gamer et al., 2010; Huang et al., 2007). BMP3 is mainly produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes (Long & Ornitz, 2013). This molecule is present within bone and accounts for almost 65% of total BMP (Zhang et al., 2015; Zhou et al., 2015). Previous study conducted by Zhou et al. (2015) showed that BMP3 enhances the proliferation of human mesenchymal cells (MSCs) and promotes differentiation into nucleus pulposus-like (NP-like) cells. BMP3 is also known to upregulate the proliferation of chondrocytes through the type II receptor activin receptor type 2b (Acvr2b) during skeletal development by controlling the expression of BMP2 and BMP4 (Long & Ornitz, 2013; Zhang et al., 2015). It has been mentioned before that the distal region of regenerated cartilage tube resists ossification (Lozito & Tuan, 2015) which might be due to the presence of BMP3. Binding of BMP3 and Acvr2b causes chondrocytes to keep proliferating and remain in pre-hypertrophic state, resulting in a later maturation process (Gamer et al., 2009). BMP3 also inhibits BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7-mediated osteogenesis (Beederman et al., 2013; Long & Ornitz, 2013) by binding to their common effector, SMAD4, thus reducing the osteoblastic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells (Dwivedi et al., 2012).

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Filsafat Ilmu

Ektoparasit pada Kucing Liar

Tugas Kuliah: Northern Blotting